Escalation of Scrutiny: The Gains from Dynamic Enforcement of Environmental Regulations
研究了美国环保署对空气污染法规的动态执行（重复违规者面临高额罚款和优先违规者认定）如何影响工厂投资减排技术，发现取消动态执行将导致污染损害增加164%或罚款增加519%。
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses a dynamic approach to enforcing air pollution regulations, with repeat offenders subject to high fines and designation as high priority violators (HPV). We estimate the value of dynamic enforcement by developing and estimating a dynamic model of a plant and regulator, where plants decide when to invest in pollution abatement technologies. We use a fixed grid approach to estimate random coefficient specifications. Investment, fines, and HPV designation are costly to most plants. Eliminating dynamic enforcement would raise pollution damages by 164 percent with constant fines or raise fines by 519 percent with constant pollution damages.