The impact of youth labour market experiences on later employment opportunities: What roles do ethnicity and gender play?
利用英格兰和威尔士1%人口样本的纵向数据，研究了青年时期失业或非经济活动对后期就业机会的影响，发现影响因种族和性别而异，印度和孟加拉国男性受过去非就业影响较小，而少数族裔女性仍面临就业限制。
Youth joblessness often leaves a scar. However, some ethnic groups appear to be more successful in recovering from this than others. Using a unique dataset (ONS Longitudinal Study) linking census records for a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales, we examine the relationship between early labour market experiences and later employment outcomes for men and women from Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean origins to those of white British individuals. Our results show that, on average, being unemployed or inactive in youth (vs being employed or in education) reduces employment opportunities later in life. However, this varies greatly by ethnicity and gender: Indian and, especially, Bangladeshi men are substantively less affected by previous non-employment compared with white British men; for women, having an ethnic minority background continues to limit their labour market integration. Addressing gender and ethnic labour market inequalities requires a more nuanced understanding of how these disadvantages unfurl over time for different communities.