Is There a Male-Breadwinner Norm? The Hazards of Inferring Preferences from Marriage Market Outcomes
论证了配偶收入差距分布无法识别男性养家规范及其对性别不平等的影响，指出美国夫妻收入差距分布中的不连续性源于等收入夫妻的聚集，而非规范所致，并建议未来研究采用稳健性检验。
This paper argues that distributions of spousal earnings gaps provide no identifying information for the male breadwinner norm, nor such a norm's consequences for gender inequality. First, we show that simple marital matching models-without norm-related assumptions-closely replicate U.S. distributions of wife-husband earnings gaps. Second, we show that the discontinuity in this distribution as wives start to out-earn husbands reflects not breadwinner norms, but rather a point mass of equal-earning couples. We conclude by arguing that the point mass may also threaten other tests of the male breadwinner hypothesis, and proposing several robustness checks that future research should utilize.