The Runner-Up Effect
利用巴西、印度和加拿大选举数据，发现第二名候选人比第三名更可能再次参选并获胜，这源于“亚军”标签本身的影响，而非候选人自选。
Exploiting regression discontinuity designs in Brazilian, Indian, and Canadian first-past-the-post elections, we document that second-place candidates are substantially more likely than close third-place candidates to run in, and win, subsequent elections. Since both candidates lost the election and had similar electoral performance, this is the effect of being labeled the runner-up. Selection into candidacy is unlikely to explain the effect on winning subsequent elections, and we find no effect of finishing in third-place versus fourth-place. We develop a simple model of strategic coordination by voters that rationalizes the results and provides further predictions that are supported by the data. ∗We thank James Snyder for sharing his US Primaries data, and Ashutosh Agarwal, Emmerich Davies, Sue