Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being*
利用面板数据发现，控制自身收入后，邻居收入越高，个人自报幸福感越低，且这一负效应源于人际偏好，即人们不仅在意绝对消费，也在意相对消费。
This paper investigates whether individuals feel worse off when others around them earn more. In other words, do people care about relative position and does “lagging behind the Joneses” diminish well-being? To answer this question, I match individual-level panel data containing a number of indicators of well-being to information about local average earnings. I find that, controlling for an individual’s own income, higher earnings of neighbors are associated with lower levels of self-reported happiness. The data’s panel nature and rich set of measures of well-being and behavior indicate that this association is not driven by selection or by changes in the way people define happiness. There is suggestive evidence that the negative effect of increases in neighbors’ earnings on own well-being is most likely caused by interpersonal preferences, i.e. people having utility functions that depend on relative consumption in addition to absolute consumption.