Nutritional and economic impact of five alternative front-of-pack nutritional labels: experimental evidence
通过691名受试者的实验室实验，比较五种正面包装营养标签对食品购物营养质量的影响，发现所有标签均改善营养评分，其中NutriScore效果最佳，且营养改善与支出增加无关。
Abstract An incentivised laboratory framed field experiment with 691 subjects examined the impact of five front-of-pack labels (Multiple Traffic Lights; Reference Intakes; HealthStarRating; NutriScore and Système d’Etiquetage Nutritionnel Simplifié) on food shopping within a catalogue of 290 products. Using difference-in-difference, we estimate the between-label variability of within-subject changes in the shopping’s Food and Standards Agency aggregated nutritional score. All labels improve the nutritional quality (−1.56 FSA points on average). NutriScore is the most effective (−2.65), followed by HealthStarRating (−1.86). Behaviourally, subjects react mostly to the extreme values of the labels and not to intermediate values. Nutritional gains are not correlated with higher expenditure.