Organized Labor and the Scope of International Specialization
研究工会工资如何影响国际生产与贸易模式，发现国内工会仅生产劳动密集度最低的商品，劳动密集度高的商品转向国外生产，且工会会提高工资溢价。
This paper examines the interaction between union wages and the international pattern of production and trade. If union goods are heterogeneous in labor intensity, the introduction of an active union in the domestic country causes only the least labor-intensive range of union goods to be produced there, with goods of greatest labor intensity produced abroad because of the relatively high cost of domestic union labor. A narrowing of the scope of domestic union production will eliminate relatively labor-intensive goods, leading a rent-maximizing union to raise its union premium. The implications of this union behavior for comparative statics results are considered. Copyright 1988 by University of Chicago Press.