Tariffs and Trees: The Effects of the Austro-Hungarian Customs Union on Specialization and Land-Use Change
研究了1850年奥匈关税同盟对土地利用的影响，发现该同盟使匈牙利在1850-1855年间耕地面积每年增加8%，林地面积减少6%，且结果不受农奴解放、人口增长或农业技术变化干扰。
This article examines the impact of the 1850 Austro-Hungarian customs union on production land-use outcomes. Using newly digitized data from the Second Military Survey of the Habsburg Monarchy, we apply a spatial discontinuity design to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on land use. We find that the customs union increased cropland area by 8 percent per year in Hungary between 1850 and 1855, while forestland area decreased by 6 percent. We provide suggestive evidence that this result is not confounded by the emancipation of the serfs, population growth, or technological change in agriculture.