The opportunity cost of preserving the Brazilian Amazon forest
利用巴西2006年市政层面的普查和森林砍伐数据，估计了森林保护与农业生产之间的权衡，计算出每减少1公顷森林砍伐需放弃797美元农业GDP，并推算出永久封存每吨二氧化碳的影子价格为16美元。
Abstract We estimate the trade‐off between forest preservation and agricultural production for the Legal Amazon region, using census and deforestation data for municipalities in 2006. We use a directional distance function to represent the production possibility frontier, and then calculate the shadow price of reducing deforestation in terms of agricultural income foregone. Results indicate that, on average, to preserve 1 ha of forest, $797 in annual agricultural GDP must be foregone. Using a discount rate of 10% and average forest carbon density of 132 tons per hectare, these results imply an average shadow price of $16 per ton of CO 2 permanently sequestered.