Output and input bias effects of U.S. direct payments
研究美国直接支付对农业技术变革方向的影响，发现支付未导致产出偏差，但存在土地使用增加和材料投入节约的希克斯偏差，且纳入偏差后取消支付的价格和产出效应缩小至1/4到1/3。
Abstract This study examines the national effect of U.S. direct payments on the extent and direction of biased technical change on U.S. agriculture. We also assess the economic significance of the estimated bias effects for economic policy modeling endeavors involving a reduction of domestic support payments. A two outputs (livestock and crops) and four inputs (labor, capital, land, and material) translog cost function was estimated from national time series (1948–2011) data. Results indicate that payments do not induce output‐biased technical change. We do find evidence of Hicksian bias that is land using and material input saving attributable to support payments. Global computable general equilibrium simulations suggest that price and output effects of discontinuing direct payments are 1/4 to 1/3 the size once the bias effects are incorporated.