Economic Effects of Workfare Reforms for Single Mothers: Benefit Substitution and Labour Supply Responses*
分析了挪威全国性改革对单身母亲福利项目的影响，发现短期劳动供给和收入增加，但长期贫困率翻倍，且改革节省了36亿挪威克朗公共支出。
Abstract We analyse the economic effects of nationwide Norwegian reforms on the state benefit programme targeting single mothers. Our results show that for each reduction of 100 Norwegian kroner (NOK) in benefit payments from the programme, single mothers replaced 65 NOK through benefit substitution. Their labour supply and disposable income also increased in the short term. However, the reforms doubled the poverty rate among single mothers in the long term. The reforms led to a total net gain to public expenditure of 3.6 billion NOK (449 million euros) during the 1998–2008 period, corresponding to a 14 percent decrease in total benefit payments to single mothers.