Nonrivalry and the Economics of Data
数据具有非竞争性，可被多家企业同时使用，带来规模收益。企业可能因担心创造性破坏而囤积数据，导致效率损失。将数据产权赋予消费者，可使其在隐私与收益间权衡，接近最优配置。
Data is nonrival: a person’s location history, medical records, and driving data can be used by many firms simultaneously. Nonrivalry leads to increasing returns. As a result, there may be social gains to data being used broadly across firms, even in the presence of privacy considerations. Fearing creative destruction, firms may choose to hoard their data, leading to the inefficient use of nonrival data. Giving data property rights to consumers can generate allocations that are close to optimal. Consumers balance their concerns for privacy against the economic gains that come from selling data broadly.