Clower’s Volte-Face regarding the “Keynesian Revolution”
解释了克劳尔在1965年论文中提出的非均衡微观基础计划，源于他对凯恩斯革命看法的根本转变，从最初认为凯恩斯宏观经济学与市场出清和瓦尔拉斯微观基础兼容，到后来主张必须基于非均衡框架。
Robert W. Clower’s article “The Keynesian Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Appraisal” (1965) was central to the transformation of Keynesian macroeconomics since it contributed to the emergence of fixed-price models, in the 1970s. Despite this influence, no scholar has proposed to explain its origins. My article aims to fill this gap. It is argued that Clower came to build his disequilibrium program of microfoundations after changing radically his views about the meaning and the nature of the “Keynesian Revolution.” During a first research phase (1949–57), Clower considered that Keynesian macroeconomics was compatible with market clearing and with Walrasian microfoundations. But he eventually moved away from these equilibrium and synthesis perspectives. During a second research phase (1958–62), he came to conclude that Keynesian macroeconomics had to be rooted in a disequilibrium framework and could not be based on Walrasian microfoundations. Hence the existence of a volteface. This volte-face is explained by putting the invariants of Clower’s thought (i.e., his search for microfoundations adapted to Keynesian macroeconomics, and his concerns with unstable dynamics) in perspective with the contemporary developments in the disequilibrium macroeconomics of Don Patinkin, and in the non-tâtonnement economics of Frank Hahn and Takashi Negishi.