Differential Performance in High Versus Low Stakes Tests: Evidence from the Gre Test*
研究不同人口群体在高风险（GRE正式考试）和低风险（自愿参加的实验部分）测试中的表现差异，发现男性和白人表现下降幅度大于女性和少数族裔，部分原因是他们在低风险测试中投入的努力较少。
Abstract We study how different demographic groups respond to incentives by comparing their performance in ‘high’ and ‘low’ stakes situations. The high stakes situation is the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), and the low stakes situation is a voluntary experimental section of the GRE. We find that males exhibit a larger drop in performance between the high and low stakes examinations than females, and that whites exhibit a larger drop in performance than minorities. Differences between high and low stakes tests are partly explained by the fact that males and whites exert lower effort in low stakes tests compared with females and minorities.