‘Better off as judged by themselves’: a critical analysis of the conceptual foundations of nudging
批判性分析自由意志家长主义中“由他们自己判断为更好”这一核心概念，指出其模糊性和误导性，并论证自由意志家长主义与传统家长主义在本质上无异。
Libertarian paternalism claims to differ from traditional paternalism by making people better off, ‘as judged by themselves’. We argue that choice architects use ‘better off, as judged by themselves’ in a way that is systematically unclear and misleading. This unclarity, furthermore, makes recent debates about the efficacy and morality of employing nudges as public policy instruments in some cases are difficult, if not meaningless. Ultimately, the matter simply resolves into intuition pulling about values, making libertarian paternalism effectively equivalent to traditional paternalism.