The Ordinary Business of Macroeconometric Modeling
以FMP模型为例，探讨了20世纪60年代凯恩斯主义宏观计量经济模型在组织、理论和实证上的挑战，并指出后来被批评的弱点（如截距调整）在当时正是客户付费所需。
The FMP model exemplifies the Keynesian models later criticized by Lucas, Sargent, and others as conceptually flawed. For economists in the 1960s such models were “big science”, posing organizational as well as theoretical and empirical problems. It was part of an even larger industry in which the messiness for which such models were later criticized was endorsed as enabling modelers to be guided by data while offering the flexibility needed to undertake policy analysis and to analyze the consequences of events. Practices that critics considered fatal weaknesses, such as intercept adjustments or fudging, were what clients paid for as the macro-econometric modeling industry went private.