The Dynamics of Learning and Competition in Schumpeterian Environments
研究了在位企业面对新进入者时的竞争策略，提出四种竞争情景，重点分析了“创造性分歧”情景，即在位者试图学习新进入者技术但导致后者退缩，从而削弱学习收益。基于美国心血管医疗设备行业数据验证了该情景。
In this study, we examine the nature of Schumpeterian competition between entrants and incumbents. We argue that incumbents may respond to the threat of entry by either attacking the entrant or trying to learn from it, and that entrants, in turn, may react by either reciprocating the incumbent’s advances or retreating from it. Putting these competitive choices together, we develop a framework of four distinct potential scenarios of Schumpeterian competition. In particular, we emphasize a scenario we term creative divergence, wherein incumbents try to learn from entrants and build on their technologies, but their investments to do so cause entrants to retreat, resulting in diminishing returns to learning investments by incumbents. Exploratory analyses of the U.S. cardiovascular medical device industry find patterns consistent with the creative divergence scenario, with incumbent knowledge investments helping them to learn from entrants, but these learning benefits being undermined as entrants move away from incumbents. The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1264 .