Private standards and producer risk: a framework for analysis of development implications**
通过产业组织模型分析风险厌恶如何影响农民对质量标准的认证选择，发现出口导向型农民中风险厌恶者更倾向高质量标准，而面向国内市场的农民则偏好低质量标准。
The effect of risk aversion on farmer certification to standards is analysed by considering an industrial organisation model of differentiated exchange of high- and low-quality products between farmers, intermediaries and consumers. In the presence of uncertainty over the proportion of their produce that will be rejected by consumers, a relatively risk-averse population of farmers in an export enclave will tend to adopt a high-quality standard in greater numbers. When some producers export and some produce for domestic markets, however, relatively risk-averse farmers find the low-quality standard most appealing. The relationship between risk and standard adoption is affected by market conditions including the rejection rates of produce, profit margins and the extent of demand differentiation between the two varieties.