Personal networks and growth aspirations: a case study of second-generation, Muslim, female entrepreneurs
通过对19位英国出生的巴基斯坦裔穆斯林女性企业家的深度访谈，研究发现性别、文化和宗教共同塑造了她们的个人网络，进而影响其企业成长抱负。
We explore critically the personal networks of second-generation, British-born Muslim female entrepreneurs. Our qualitative study uses preference theory and egocentric network analysis to understand how developing and navigating personal networks affect growth aspirations. Nineteen in-depth interviews are carried out to explore the nature of network ties using sociograms. We find that the personal networks of second-generation female entrepreneurs of Pakistani origin are a product of gender, culture and religion, where choices in kinship, friendship and business or professional ties in those networks, are underpinned by the complex mix of gender, culture and religion. Kinship and ethnicity are kept at bay while religion and mistrust inform their choices for gendered business growth activities. The findings of the study provide new insights into personal perspectives on aspirations for growth induced by network ties of female entrepreneurs. This should contribute to a critical and a more nuanced understanding of female and minority entrepreneurship. We conclude with particular implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice.