Age at arrival, parents and neighborhoods: understanding the educational attainment of immigrants’ children
研究了芬兰移民子女在成年早期的教育成就，发现其低于本地子女，但这一差距可归因于到达年龄、父母收入和社区质量；芬兰出生的移民子女在相同社区和家庭条件下反而教育水平更高。
Abstract This article documents how children of immigrants cope in early adulthood in Finland. We first show that, on average, they have dramatically lower educational attainment than children of natives do. This difference can be attributed to age at arrival, parental income and neighborhood quality. In fact, Finnish-born children of immigrants obtain more education than children of natives growing up in the same zip codes and in families with similar parental income and family structure. Sibling comparisons suggest that age at arrival has a causal impact on educational attainment. The results are very similar for the likelihood of being idle and having been convicted of a crime, but are starkly different for the likelihood of having been reimbursed for psychotropic medication.