Political Identity: Experimental Evidence on Anti-Americanism in Pakistan
通过两个实验，研究巴基斯坦男性为维护反美身份而愿意放弃相当于日薪五分之一的美国政府付款，发现约四分之一到三分之一的被试者拒绝匿名表达感激，且拒绝行为受付款金额和社交情境影响。
Abstract We identify Pakistani men’s willingness to pay to preserve their anti-American identity using two experiments imposing clearly specified financial costs on anti-American expression, with minimal consequential or social considerations. In two distinct studies, one-quarter to one-third of subjects forgo payments from the U.S. government worth around one-fifth of a day’s wage to avoid an identity-threatening choice: anonymously checking a box indicating gratitude toward the U.S. government. We find sensitivity to both payment size and anticipated social context: when subjects anticipate that rejection will be observable by others, rejection falls suggesting that, for some, social image can outweigh self-image.