Overconfidence and Prejudice
研究过度自信者如何从自身和他人的成功中学习，导致对所属群体评价过高，并分析偏见如何随竞争、信息和个人接触而变化。
Abstract We develop a model of multi-dimensional misspecified learning in which an overconfident agent learns about groups in society from observations of his and others’ successes. We show that the average person sees his group relative to other groups too positively, and this in-group bias exhibits systematic comparative-statics patterns. First, a person is most likely to have negative opinions about other groups he competes with. Second, while information about another group’s achievements does not lower a person’s prejudice, information about economic or social forces affecting the group can, and personal contact with group members has a beneficial effect that is larger than in classical settings. Third, the agent’s beliefs are subject to “bias substitution”, whereby forces that decrease his bias regarding one group tend to increase his biases regarding unrelated other groups.