The Vicious Cycle of Work Life: Work Effort Versus Career Development Effort
研究发现在性别平等氛围浓厚的组织中，高自我效能感的女性更倾向于增加工作努力，而男性则更注重职业发展努力，但只有后者才有助于晋升，导致女性陷入努力却无回报的恶性循环。
Although much progress has been made toward establishing gender equality in organizations, women remain underrepresented in upper management positions. This study examines why women might be less likely than men to be promoted, even in organizations with high gender equality climates. Using a large sample of managers in South Korea, we hypothesized and found that women and men used different strategies regarding how to direct their effort to achieve promotions. Women with high self-efficacy under high gender equality climate focused on increasing work effort, whereas men in similar situations focused on increasing career development effort. We also found that only career development effort was positively related to promotion, whereas work effort was positively related to work stress and turnover intentions, and negatively associated with job satisfaction. Our results suggest that different effort strategies lead women to become caught in a vicious cycle of working hard and earning only unpleasant consequences.