The Persistence of the Criminal Justice Gender Gap: Evidence from 200 Years of Judicial Decisions
研究了近200年伦敦审判中陪审团定罪和法官量刑中持续存在的有利于女性的性别差距，发现这种差距不受案件特征影响，且与父权主义偏好歧视机制有关。
We document persistent gender gaps favoring females in jury convictions and judges’ sentences in nearly 200 years of London trials, which are unexplained by case characteristics. We find that three sharp changes in punishment severity locally affected the size and nature of the gaps but were generally not strong enough to offset their persistence. These local effects suggest a mechanism of preference-based discrimination (paternalism) in which the all-male judiciary protected females from the harshest available punishment.