Does Banning the Box Help Ex-Offenders Get Jobs? Evaluating the Effects of a Prominent Example
利用行政数据评估西雅图一项限制雇主在初筛前查看求职者犯罪记录的法律，发现该法律对有前科者的就业和收入影响甚微，雇主可能将背景调查推迟到面试后期，或有前科者只申请不要求无犯罪记录的工作。
This paper uses administrative employment and conviction data to evaluate laws that restrict access to job seekers’ criminal records. Convictions generate decreases in employment and earnings, partly due to shifts toward lower-paying industries less likely to check criminal histories. However, a 2013 Seattle law barring employers from examining job seekers’ records until after an initial screening had negligible impacts on ex-offenders’ labor market outcomes. The results are consistent with employers deferring background checks until later in the interview process or ex-offenders applying only to jobs where clean records are not required, a pattern supported by survey evidence.