Using Payroll Tax Variation to Unpack the Black Box of Firm-Level Production
利用芬兰工资税率的准实验变化，发现工资税提高导致企业大幅减少就业，尤其是低技能、常规和体力劳动者，同时总产出略有下降，揭示了工资税对企业投入要素选择的影响。
Abstract This paper uses quasi-experimental variation in payroll tax rates in Finland to investigate how firms use their input factors. We find that higher payroll tax rates lead to large employment responses and have no effects on employee-level earnings. As payroll taxes increase, firms substitute away from low-skilled, routine, and manual workers. Higher firm-level payroll tax rates also slightly decrease the total output of firms. Our results imply that firm-level production and input factor choices are clearly affected by payroll taxes.