CEO scanning behaviors, self-efficacy, and SME innovation and performance: An examination within a declining industry
研究美国金属铸造业（一个持续衰退的行业）的中小企业CEO，发现扫描行为（强度和主动性）通过提升自我效能感，进而促进企业创新和绩效。
Studying the CEOs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the US metalcasting industry—an industry that has been steadily declining for several years—we develop a theoretical model to examine how CEO scanning behaviors in the form of scanning intensity and proactiveness influence self-efficacy, which in turn influences firm innovation and performance. We extend theory and research by (a) demonstrating of the role and influence of SME CEOs over firm innovation and performance in declining industries, (b) illustrating how scanning provides social learning opportunities for CEOs that enhance their levels of self-efficacy, and (c) showing that self-efficacy mediates the effects of scanning on firm innovation and performance.