Educational Opportunities in Indonesia: Are Factors Outside Individual Responsibility Persistent Over Time?
衡量了个人无法控制的因素（如家庭背景、经济危机）对印度尼西亚学生短期和长期教育成就的影响，发现这些因素的作用持续存在，尤其在经历1997年亚洲金融危机的学生中更为显著，且地方教育支出未能有效减少机会不平等。
Not all sources of inequality in educational achievements are fair. But how strong and persistent is the burden of unequal opportunities that each person carries on in their life? In this paper, we define individual indices of the burden of circumstances, which measure the effect that the accumulation of factors outside individual control, has on individual educational achievements in the short and long run. As our findings suggest, the effect of these circumstances tends to persist over time. This effect has been particularly strong for the generation of students who experienced the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Lastly, we do not find evidence of a sizeable effect of local non-routine education expenditure on the inequality of opportunity, causing us to question the effectiveness of educational policies in accurately targeting equity.