The Future Ambiguity Effect: How Narrow Payoff Ranges Increase Future Payoff Appeal
研究发现，给未来的收益加上一个小的范围（如140-160美元）反而比精确值（如150美元）更有吸引力，因为模糊性分散了对未来风险的关注并恢复了部分兴奋感。
Increasing a current payoff’s ambiguity from a precise value (e.g., $150) to a range (e.g., $140–$160) generally reduces the payoff’s appeal, as does delaying the payoff from, for example, now to one year from now. However, we report five studies in which adding small ranges to future payoffs increases future payoff appeal, an emergent property designated the future ambiguity effect. This effect generalizes across various choice sets, payoff levels, and delays, and it prevails even when a future smaller ambiguous payoff is preferred more than a future larger precise payoff. Two underlying processes are proposed and supported: (1) the payoff ambiguity’s explicit risk of receiving a smaller payoff distracts people from the future’s larger implicit risk of receiving nothing, and (2) payoff ambiguity restores some of the excitement lost to the future’s psychological distance. Nonetheless, the future ambiguity effect is not universal, given that larger ranges can reduce and even eliminate it (boundary condition). This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.