Opportunities as Artifacts and Entrepreneurship as Design
结合西蒙的设计观与现实是被发现还是被创造的区分，提出实验和转型作为创业设计的理想类型，将机会视为人工物，为创业研究提供替代经济理论的概念框架。
We combine Herbert Simon’s view of design with the common distinction between reality as discovered or created to develop experimentation and transformation as ideal types of entrepreneurial design. Building on the design tradition’s view of artifacts, we describe how opportunities-as-artifacts iteratively develop at the interface between organized individuals and their environments, where more or less concrete instantiations are used to drive the process forward. By conceptualizing entrepreneurship as artifact-centered design, we provide an alternative to accounts inspired by economic theory, which have proven conceptually problematic and of limited practical use. We conclude by discussing how uncertainty can be defined and managed, the value of design as a conceptual anchor for entrepreneurship studies, opportunities for future research, and how entrepreneurship seen as design naturally bridges theory and practice.