Youth employment, academic performance and labour market outcomes: Production functions and policy effects
利用工具变量识别英格兰义务教育期间兼职工作对16岁学业表现及25岁前劳动力市场结果的因果效应，发现每周多工作1小时使男性学业成绩下降2.5%、女性下降6.7%个标准差，并增加2个月失业经历。
We use instrumental variables for teenage employment opportunities to identify the causal effects of part-time work during compulsory education in England on educational performance at age 16 and labour market outcomes to age 25. We identify the total ‘policy effect’, partly driven by resulting changes in other inputs, and the direct effect or ‘production function parameter’, which holds these constant. The total effects of an additional hour of part-time work per week at age 15 include reducing educational performance in school-leaving qualifications by males by 2.5% and females by 6.7% of a standard deviation, and increasing duration of unemployment experience before age 25 by two months. Direct effects on long-run outcomes are generally beneficial for women and less so for men. What human capital or signalling benefits there are to teenage part-time work are substantially offset by the effects of reduced educational investments.