Outsourcing Education: Experimental Evidence from Liberia
利比里亚政府将93所公立学校的管理权外包给私营机构，一年后学生英语和数学成绩显著提高，但不同外包商表现差异大，且部分行为带来潜在危害。
In 2016, the Liberian government delegated management of 93 randomly selected public schools to private providers. Providers received US$50 per pupil, on top of US$50 per pupil annual expenditure in control schools. After one academic year, students in outsourced schools scored 0.18 σ higher in English and mathematics. We do not find heterogeneity in learning gains or enrollment by student characteristics, but there is significant heterogeneity across providers. While outsourcing appears to be a cost-effective way to use new resources to improve test scores, some providers engaged in unforeseen and potentially harmful behavior, complicating any assessment of welfare gains.