Dynamism with Incommensurate Development: The Distinctive Indian Model
分析了印度在民主化先于经济增长的独特路径下，过去四十年虽实现高速增长并大幅减贫，但在结构转型、空间收入差距、教育收敛、性别偏好及环境退化等方面发展滞后，并探讨了人力资本薄弱与金融体系受损下如何重振活力、在有限国家能力下加速发展这两大挑战。
India’s sequencing of economic and political development has been unusual. In contrast to the West and more recently East Asia, democratization has preceded economic growth. Notwithstanding its unique path, India has grown substantially over the last four decades, pulling hundreds of millions out of poverty. The pace, durability, and stability of economic growth has been matched by few countries in the post-war period. This dynamism, though, has not been matched by development in several dimensions: a structural transformation that has skipped high-productivity manufacturing despite surplus labor, an increased spatial divergence in income despite integration in internal markets, limited convergence in education and other social metrics across castes but divergence across religions, a deep societal preference for sons that is associated with poor outcomes for women and high levels of stunting amongst children, and an environmental degradation that is severe for its level of income. The paper speculates on two immediate challenges: reviving dynamism when human capital development remains weak and the financial system is impaired and accelerating development when state capacity remains limited.