Beyond Short-Term Learning Gains: the Impact of Outsourcing Schools in Liberia After Three Years
研究了利比里亚93所公立小学外包给私人运营商三年后的效果，发现学习收益在一年后达到0.18σ后趋于平稳，三年后为0.2σ，同时减少了体罚但增加了辍学率，且不同运营商表现差异显著。
Abstract Outsourcing the management of ninety-three randomly-selected government primary schools in Liberia to eight private operators led to learning gains of 0.18$\sigma$ after one year, but these effects plateaued in subsequent years (reaching 0.2$\sigma$ after three years). Beyond learning gains, the programme reduced corporal punishment (by 4.6 percentage points from a base of 51%), but increased dropout (by 3.3 percentage points from a base of 15%) and failed to reduce sexual abuse. Despite facing similar contracts and settings, some providers produced uniformly positive results, while others presented trade-offs between learning gains, access to education, child safety, and financial sustainability.