Means versus goals at the starting line: Performance and conditions of effectiveness of entrepreneurial action
研究比较了以手段为导向和以目标为导向的创业方法，发现手段导向能提升新创企业绩效，且效果受机会识别信念和过程控制实践的影响。
Various theoretical perspectives suggest that a means-oriented approach to new venture development can be a viable alternative to the conventional approach, which emphasizes predetermined goals, and that the former is favored by expert entrepreneurs. However, it is still unclear whether, and under which conditions, means-based action positively affects entrepreneurial performance and whether it would also be effective for novices. This study demonstrates the new venture performance impact of means orientation. We further contribute to various strands of entrepreneurship research by highlighting two moderating factors that are salient in the early-stage entrepreneurial process: opportunity recognition beliefs and process control practices.