How Poverty Became a Violation of Human Rights: The Production of a New Political Subject, France and Belgium, 1964–88
考察法国和比利时最低收入保障制度的建立过程，认为贫困并非被简单“发现”，而是被“生产”出来以催生新的社会干预技术，并塑造了与战后福利国家理念对立的“穷人”这一政治主体。
The institutionalization of guaranteed minimum income systems in France and Belgium, carried out through the modernization of assistance schemes (Minimex in 1974, RMI in 1988), has generally been presented as the political outcome of the “rediscovery” of “hidden” poverty in the “affluent” societies of the mid-1960s. This article argues that a vision of this shift in terms of a “discovery,” however, suffers from significant limitations. To understand the historical pedigree of the reforms, this article will examine how the issue of “poverty” as such, was not simply “discovered” as a neglected social ill, but rather, “produced” to allow for new techniques of social intervention. The theoretical discovery of the “poverty” issue then, was marked by the slow constitution of a new political subject known as the “poor,” whose categorization and conceptualization would stand in stark opposition to the postwar welfare state notions of social justice and equality.