Social Insurance and Public Assistance in the Twentieth-Century United States
研究了二十世纪美国社会保险和公共援助支出的增长，发现社会保险增长远超公共援助，且美国总支出不逊于欧洲但更依赖非政府项目。各州福利差异大，作者估算了不同时期和地区的福利水平，并与贫困线、制造业收入等比较。
The growth of American governments in the twentieth century included large increases in funds for social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance has increased far more than public assistance, so “rise in the social insurance state” is a far better description of the century than “rise in the welfare state.” The United States has increased total spending in these areas as much or more as have European countries, but the U.S. spending has relied less heavily on government programs. In the U.S. states largely determine the benefits for many of the public assistance and social insurance programs, leading to large variation in the benefits across the country. I develop estimates of these benefits across time and place and compare them to the poverty line, manufacturing earnings and benefits, state per capita incomes in the US, as well as GDP per capita in countries throughout the world.