U.S. Office Market Values During the Past Decade: How Distorted Have Appraisals Been?
通过构建两个基准指标，比较1982-1991年美国写字楼市场现金流现值与Russell-NCREIF指数中的资本增值部分，发现后者在1986-1989年间被高估30%，且评估调整滞后于市场变化，揭示了评估偏差的成因。
The leading time series of real estate returns is the Russell‐NCREIF (RN) Property Index. The RN series tracks returns, cash flow plus appraised capital gains, for multiple property types. To evaluate the accuracy of the capital‐gains component of the office‐market return series, this paper constructs two benchmark measures for the present value of projectable office‐market cash flows from 1982 to 1991 and compares these with a real value series based on the RN capital‐gain component. The RN‐based series runs 30% above the highest of the benchmarks throughout the 1986–1989 period. While this overstatement is consistent with the development of a price bubble, failure of the bubble to burst until 1990–1991 is implausible. Real estate experts recognized overvaluation in assessments as early as the spring of 1986. The RN Office‐Market Index was slow to register price declines when the markets first weakened and then overstated the rate of decline once the market began to bottom out. This pattern likely reflects incentives for appraisers to smooth potentially temporary price volatility and for investment managers to maintain appraised values in declining markets. It traces as well as to systematic differences in the character and condition of the properties that lend to trade at different stages of the real estate cycle. These incentives and differences provide reason to believe that other RN indexes were similarly distorted.