Commute costs and labor supply: evidence from a satellite campus
利用大学教学从市区迁至郊区导致教师通勤时间外生增加，研究发现通勤时间每增加1-1.5小时，年教学时间减少22小时（8.4%），且研究产出下降，对交通政策和城市发展有启示。
Using the transition of undergraduate teaching from an urban to suburban campus and an exogenous increase in faculty’s commute time, we estimate the causal effect of commute costs on labor supply. Difference-in-differences estimates using individual commute time changes imply that the 1.0–1.5-h round-trip increase in commute time reduces annual teaching hours by 22 (8.4%). Substitution to alternative work activities is minor but class sizes increase and research output decreases. This suggests that work time is highly responsive to commute time for workers with flexibility and has important ramifications for transport policy, city growth and business strategies.