The Transformation of Hunger: The Demand for Calories Past and Present
研究发现19世纪末英美工业工人的热量支出弹性高于当今发展中国家，表明过去富裕工人比今天穷人更饥饿，暗示过去一个世纪穷人营养状况有未反映在收入数据中的巨大改善。
According to conventional income measures, American and British industrial workers in the late nineteenth century were two to four times as wealthy as those in developing countries today. Estimated calorie expenditure elasticities of American and British industrial workers based on the 1888 Cost of Living Survey are greater than calorie elasticity estimates for developing countries today, which suggest that yesterday's wealthy workers were hungrier than today's poor. The result is robust to numerous criticisms. The finding implies an extraordinary improvement in nutritional well-being among the poor in the last century that has not been captured by our income estimates.