Transition to Markets and the Environment: Effects of the Change in the Composition of Manufacturing Output
利用12个前中央计划经济体的制造业污染数据，分析经济转型初期环境质量的变化，发现污染下降主要源于制造业活动减少，而构成效应因国家和污染物而异，且环境改善与价格自由化、贸易改革、企业重组和私有化改革密切相关。
The paper measures the changes in environmental quality that occurred in the early years of economic transition for 12 former centrally planned economies using information on 13 pollution effluents in the manufacturing sector and the energy intensity of the value added. For the manufacturing sector, the change in the pollution is separated into scale and composition effects. Pollution decreases substantially in most countries because of large decreases in aggregate manufacturing activity. The composition effect is more diverse depending on the effluent type and country. We examine the reduced form relationship between composition effects coupled with the energy intensity rate of change and the extent of policy reforms. The results indicate a strong relationship between environmental improvement and price liberalization, trade and foreign exchange reforms, enterprise restructuring, and privatization reforms. In addition, the amplification of the environmental regulatory regime causes a shift towards a less-polluting allocation of resources.