Later retirement, job strain, and health: Evidence from the new State Pension age in the United Kingdom
利用英国2010年起将女性国家养老金年龄提高最多6年的改革，发现延迟退休使低职业等级女性抑郁症状概率增加最多12个百分点，原因是长期暴露于高要求低控制的高压力工作。
This paper examines the impact of raising the State Pension age on women's health. Exploiting a UK pension reform that increased women's State Pension age for up to 6 years since 2010, we show that raising the State Pension age leads to an increase of up to 12 percentage points in the probability of depressive symptoms, alongside an increase in self-reported medically diagnosed depression among women in a lower occupational grade. Our results suggest that these effects are driven by prolonged exposure to high-strain jobs characterised by high demands and low control. Effects are consistent across multiple subcomponents of the General Health Question and Short-Form-12 (SF-12) scores, and robust to alternative empirical specifications, including "placebo" analyses for women who never worked and for men.