Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports
利用美国1972-1978年间高中为遵守第九条而增加女性体育参与的政策变化，研究发现州级女性体育参与率每提高10个百分点，女性大学入学率上升1个百分点，劳动参与率上升1-2个百分点。
Between 1972 and 1978 U.S. high schools rapidly increased their female athletic participation rates in order to comply with Title IX. This paper examines the causal implications of this expansion by using variation in the level of boys' athletic participation across states before Title IX to instrument for change in girls' athletic participation. Analysis of differences in outcomes across states in changes between pre- and postcohorts reveals that a 10 percentage point rise in state-level female sports participation generates a 1 percentage point increase in female college attendance and a 1 to 2 percentage point rise in female labor force participation. © 2010 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.