Consumer Discrimination and Self-Employment
研究消费者歧视如何导致不同种族自雇就业率和收入差异，理论预测黑人平均收入更低且能力回报更少，1980年人口普查数据支持该结论。
Self-employment rates and incomes differ significantly by race. We show that these differentials arise in markets with consumer discrimination and incomplete information about the price of the good and the race of the seller. Equilibrium income distributions have two properties: mean black incomes are lower than mean white incomes, and the returns to ability are lower for black than for white sellers. Able blacks, therefore, are less likely to selfselect into the self-employment sector than able whites. Using the 1980 Census data, we find that observed differences in the self-employment income distributions are consistent with the theoretical predictions.