Gender Differences in Completed Schooling
总结了过去三十年男女教育程度的剧变，发现整体上男性仍占优势，但分出生队列看，性别差异在1950年代初消失并逆转；女性教育增长并未挤占男性上大学，未来收入离散度模型能很好解释相对教育模式。
This paper summarizes the dramatic changes in relative male-females educational attainment over the past three decades. Stock measures measuring education among the entire adult population show rising attainment levels for both men and women, with men enjoying an advantage in schooling levels throughout this interval. Cohort specific analysis reveals that these stock measures mask two interesting patterns: (a) gender difference at the cohort level had vanished by the early 1950 birth cohort and reversed sign ever since; (b) for several cohorts, attainment rates were flat women and flat and falling for men. This last is puzzling in the face of the large college premia that these cohorts observed when making their schooling choices. We reject the proposition that increased schooling among women crowded men out of college. We present a simple demand-side model showing how the anticipated dispersion of future wages should affect educational investment and find that a model which includes measures of future log earnings dispersion fits the data for relative schooling patterns quite well.