Systems estimation of a structural model of distribution and demand in the US economy
研究了1963-2016年美国收入分配与总需求各组成部分之间的短期非周期性关系，使用系统GMM方法纠正了以往研究中的联立性偏误，发现私人部门总需求比OLS估计更偏向工资主导。
Abstract This paper investigates non-cyclical, short-run relationships between income distribution and the components of aggregate demand in the US from 1963–2016. Previous studies using this ‘structural’ methodology have typically found that demand is wage-led in most large, advanced economies. However, these studies have been criticised for treating total output and the wage share as exogenous, potentially leading to simultaneity bias. This paper corrects for such possible bias as well as common shocks to the equations by using systems GMM. Surprisingly, these estimates imply that private-sector aggregate demand is more, rather than less, wage-led (or in some cases, less profit-led) compared with OLS estimates of identically specified models. This paper is also the first to provide separate estimates of non-residential and residential investment functions and to distinguish the effects of shocks to different underlying determinants of the wage share (unit labour costs and firms’ monopoly power), finding that these differ qualitatively.