Do report cards tell consumers anything they don't already know? The case of Medicare HMOs
利用医疗保险健康维护组织的面板数据，研究发现消费者既从公开报告卡也从市场渠道学习质量信息，后者影响更大，且质量差异大时消费者对两类信息更敏感。
Estimated responses to report cards may reflect learning about quality that would have occurred in their absence (“market‐based learning”). Using panel data on Medicare HMOs, we examine the relationship between enrollment and quality before and after report cards were mailed to 40 million Medicare beneficiaries in 1999 and 2000. We find consumers learn from both public report cards and market‐based sources, with the latter having a larger impact. Consumers are especially sensitive to both sources of information when the variance in HMO quality is greater. The effect of report cards is driven by beneficiaries' responses to consumer satisfaction scores.