Regional multipliers across the Italian regions
利用贝叶斯随机效应面板向量自回归模型，估计了1994-2016年间意大利20个行政区不同类型政府支出的乘数，发现欧盟结构基金对GDP的乘数最大，而国家资助的政府投资和消费的效果有限。
Abstract This paper estimates the multipliers of different types of government spending in the 20 Italian administrative regions throughout 1994–2016. We derive region‐specific multipliers through a Bayesian random effect panel vector autoregressive model. We find that the EU structural funds, compared to the other types of government spending, provide the largest and most pervasively significant GDP multipliers, whereas the effectiveness of nationally funded government investment and, especially, government consumption shocks is more limited. An exploratory analysis of the regional multipliers suggests that they are positively associated with the amount of unused resources and the size of the regional economy.