WELFARE AS EQUITY EQUIVALENTS
提出一个统一框架，将公平（不平等）概念扩展到个体、时间和状态三个维度，定义福利的公平等价物和不平等指数，证明不同维度的加总顺序影响福利评价，并统一了多种现有福利理论。
Abstract Equity (or, its counterpart, inequity) plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of social welfare in different dimensions. In this paper, we revisit the concept of inequity – in the sense of unequal distributions – across individuals, time, and states of the world using a unified framework that generalizes the standard expected discounted utilitarianism approach. We propose a general measure of welfare as equity equivalents and a corresponding inequity index. We show that allowing for different attitudes toward inequity across different dimensions covers a scope of possible inequity preferences with different interpretations. We then prove that the order of aggregation across the different dimensions matters for welfare evaluations. Finally, we show that many of the welfare‐theoretical approaches recently developed in the literature can be interpreted as special cases of this general framework.