Place-Based Policies and Spatial Disparities across European Cities
描述了欧盟大都市区收入水平和失业率的空间差异，分析了生产力收益、高学历工人聚集和工资溢价等成因，并评估了资本补贴、企业区等地点导向政策的效果。
Spatial disparities in income levels and worklessness in the European Union are profound, persistent and may be widening. We describe disparities across metropolitan regions and discuss theories and empirical evidence that help us understand what causes these disparities. Increases in the productivity benefits of cities, the clustering of highly educated workers and increases in their wage premium all play a role. Europe has a long-standing tradition of using capital subsidies, enterprise zones, transport investments and other place-based policies to address these disparities. The evidence suggests these policies may have partially offset increasing disparities but are not sufficient to fully offset the economic forces at work.